Background. The study aimed to compare the results of cytotoxicity and in vivo irritation and Sensitization tests of a new antler-derived bone substitute with those of a bovine-derived xenograft. Methods. This study included an in vitro cytotoxicity test based on ISO 10993‐5 standard. Additionally, in vivo irritation and Sensitization tests were carried out according to ISO 10993-10 standard protocol. Results. The cytotoxicity test showed a viability of 99. 46±1. 09% for the antler-derived bone substitute and 98. 42±1. 84% for the bovine xenograft (P=0. 445). Furthermore, after 24 hours, no differences in morphological grade were found in both samples. The irritation test indicated a primary irritation index (PII) score of 0 for both the antler and bovine xenografts. Likewise, the Sensitization test demonstrated a Sensitization score of 0 for both the antler and bovine xenografts. All animals appeared clinically normal throughout the study in both in vivo tests, and all sites of the test extract and the reagent control seemed normal. Conclusion. Both the antler-derived and bovine xenografts were found to be non-toxic, non-irritating, and non-sensitizing. Further studies should be conducted on other essential laboratory tests and animal and clinical studies.

In the present study, the effects of morphine Sensitization on morphine-induced impairment of memory formation and the state-dependent retrieval of a passive avoidance task learned under morphine influence have been investigated in mice. Pre-training administration of morphine (0.5, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) dose dependently suppressed the learning of one-trial passive avoidance task. Pre-test administration of morphine (0.5, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg) induced state-dependent retrieval of the memory acquired under pre-training morphine influence which these effects of morphine is named state-dependent learning. The inhibitory effect of morphine (5 mg/kg) on memory formation was significantly antagonized by pretreatment administration of naloxone (0.025, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) before the pre-training morphine. The pre-test administration of naloxone dose dependently inhibited the restoration induced by morphine (5 mg/kg). Amnesia induced by pre-training morphine significantly inhibited in morphine-sensitized mice, which had previously received once daily injections of morphine (20 and 30 mg/kg, s.c.) for 3 days. Morphine Sensitization did not affect on morphine state-dependent memory of passive avoidance. The inhibition of morphine-induced amnesia in morphine-sensitized mice suppressed by once daily injections of naloxone (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg) 30 min prior to s.c. injection of morphine (20 mg/kg/day for 3 days). These results suggest that morphine Sensitization affect the impairment of memory formation, but not the facilitation of retrieval induced by morphine.

The present study is the result of a content analysis on the book“,testing English Language Skills, From Theory to Practice”,written by Farhady, Jafarpour, and Birjandi. This book is one of the most widely-used textbooks selected by language instructors for the testing courses of TEFL, Translation, and English literature majors. Using McDonough, Shaw, and Masuhara’, s (2013) textbook evaluation framework, the authors carried out both internal and external evaluations of the claims made by the authors in the preface of the book. The claims included: using lucid language, comprehensive coverage, a desirable organization of the materials presented and a direct relevance to the Iran’, s context. Furthermore, the textbook was also analyzed based on its physical appearance, content, and methodology. The strengths and weaknesses in each domain were categorized and presented. At the end, some recommendations have been made to the authors, in case of any future editions of the textbook by the authors.

Farmers are usually exposed to various inhaled allergens like pollens, mites, molds, and animal dander in their working environment which may lead to allergic rhinitis, asthma and urticaria. The purpose of this study was to identify Sensitization to various aeroallergens in farmers and their occupational allergy symptoms. This cross sectional study included 103 male farmers and 100 non-farmer healthy controls. The work-related symptoms of farmers were recorded with a questionnaire. Spirometry and skin prick tests with 15 commercial allergen extracts were performed in both farmers and controls. The rate of Sensitization to at least one of the applied aeroallergens was 47. 6% in farmers compared to 65% in the control group (OR=0. 48; CI 95%, 1. 08 to 2. 07) according to skin prick tests, after adjusting for age. Occupational allergy symptoms were reported by 54. 3% farmers. Mean FEV1/FVC was significantly lower in farmers than in controls (p<0. 001). The results of this study showed that farmers had no increased risk of Sensitization to aeroallergens. Sensitization to pollens was more prevalent than to mites among the farmers in our study and smoking was an important predisposing factor in farmers who suffered from occupational allergy symptoms.

Objective: In the present study attempts were made to further identify the effects of topiramate on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in morphine-sensitized mice.Materials and Methods: Male Swiss-Webster mice (20-30 g) were used in this study and un-biased place conditioning paradigm was applied for this purpose. In a pilot study, the effects of morphine on place conditioning paradigm were assessed in morphine-nave animals for evaluation of ineffective doses of the drug.Results: Administration of one dose daily morphine (5 mg/kg) for 3 days followed by five days rest, in order to develop Sensitization, enhanced the conditioning induced by ineffective morphine (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg). Injections of topiramate (20, 80 and 120 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced both the acquisition and expression of morphine CPP in morphinesensitized animals. Topiramate (20, 80 and 120 mg/kg, i.p.) by itself did not induce place preference or place aversion in the mice.Conclusion: It can be concluded that to piramate administration leads to inhibition of morphine Sensitization, which may be due to glutamate and/or GABAergic mechanisms. In addition, it seems that topiramate may be useful for treatment of psychological dependence to opioids.